Traditional Indian medicine or Ayurveda (阿育吠陀) and Traditional Chinese Medicine remain the most ancient yet living traditions. These are the two great traditional medicines with rich philosophical, experiential, and experimental basis. Both the systems have been developed and enriched by thousands of years of practices, observations, and experiences. As India and China are neighbors, some exchange of medical ideas and practices might have occurred between the two nations since ancient times. Therefore, when the two traditional medicines are examined closely, many similarities become apparent in the theories and practices along with individual differences.

The education and research of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Malaysia started coincidentally circa Malaysia's independence movement. Before the independence, much of the development focused on establishing treatment centers and Chinese medical halls to provide TCM treatment. Periodicals and journals advocating TCM and its advancement were published between the 1940s and 1960s, but many did not survive after a few issues. The challenge posed by the Immigration Ordinance 1952 further united TCM practitioners and TCM associations to establish the Chinese Medical Institute of Malaya. The trend gained momentum, and many educational institutes were set up in each of Malaysia. From the 1970s, Malaysia started hosting regional and international TCM conferences. In 2000, TCM education in Malaysia had finally gained recognition from the government. A TCM program standard was thus released by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). To date, there are seven private higher education institutions which offer TCM programs based on the MQA standards and have established international collaborations with other universities. It is projected that Malaysia's TCM education and research will grow further as a result of China's Belt and Road initiative.

This article will present the result of 35 years of studies andresearch initiated by two teachers: Professor Leung KokYuen (China) and Professor Truong Thin (Vietnam). This article will briefly introduce the systems of traditional Chinese medicine, such as Jing(精), Xue(血), Qi(气), Shen(神) and Jin Ye(津液) compared with various systems in modern medicine.

A song tomb was discovered in Panle village(盘乐村) of Hancheng city(韩城), Shaanxi Province(陕西省) in 2009. Although it was not of high standard, the tomb contained extremely exquisite frescoes with striking contents. The relation between the identity of the tomb owner and the frescoes had been discussed by scholars, while this paper focused on the social status of doctors in the Song dynasty(宋朝) and the medical scenes reflected in the frescoes, to form different perspectives toward the profession of the tomb owner and the properties of the frescoes.

Medical works and histories provide a general understanding of foreign influence on Chinese medicine, but a variety of miscellaneous texts give a deeper understanding of the details of this interaction. Trade manuals, notes on foreign interactions, archeological discoveries, and religious works all fill in important details on the incorporation of foreign medicines and ideas into Chinese medicine.

With the rapid rise of China's economy and the deployment of the Belt and Road Initiative, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), one of the main components of Chinese culture, has become an important aspect of foreign exchange. Therefore, recent research has focused on how to effectively spread TCM culture internationally and improve TCM acceptance. Australia is currently a representative region with decent TCM development. Taking TCM development in Australia as a starting point, this article analyzes the challenges in TCM development, discusses countermeasures to address these issues, and provides recommendations for improving the international development and dissemination of TCM.

This article offers a brief introduction to the evolution of Ren(仁), which is not only the core of Confucian ethics but also the top moral principle observed by traditional Chinese medicine doctors, holding that feasible solutions to cultural conflicts could be worked out under the guidance of Ren.

Haritaki (诃子, Terminalia chebula Retz.) is also called “Big golden fruit,” “Wind-floating fruit,” and “Arura.” The alias “Big golden fruit” shows its appearance characteristics, the name of “Wind-floating fruit” implies its harsh living environment and tenacious vitality, and another name of “Arura,” which comes from Tibetan, emphasizes the medicinal value of Haritaki as valuable as rhinoceros horn. The Chinese name of “He Zi (诃子)” expresses the main purpose of Buddhism to universalize all living beings and save the spirit. The Haritaki tree is regarded as the holy tree of Buddhism in the folk. It is also respected as a holy medicine of Buddhism. Since it was introduced into China from India, it has been widely used as a health-preserving medicine. Haritaki, which is from Indian Buddhist culture, not only unravels the mysterious Buddhist culture but also excavates the connection and development of Indian Buddhist culture and traditional Chinese medicine.

The book Yi Xue Shi (《医学史》 History of Medicine) was written and edited by Cecilia Mettler and Fred Mettler couple, published in 1947. The book is about the literature research of systematic introduction to the history of medical development worldwide. The book provides a detailed description of the development of various medical disciplines and subjects through various documents and the authors and publication dates. Especially, Prof. Mettler has introduced the Chinese Yin and Yang (阴阳) and the five element theory (五行学说) and Shen Nung's Materia Medica (神农本草) in this book.

The aim of the study is to assess the beneficial effects of acupuncture compared with Western medicine in treating patientswith depression. Depression is a serious psychiatric illness that involves symptoms such as depressed or sad mood, loss ofinterest or pleasure in activities, changes in weight, difficult sleep or oversleeping, energy loss, feelings of worthlessness, psychomotorchanges, and thoughts of death or suicide. Acupuncture and Western medicine have been widely used to treat the patient with depression. The following electronic databases were searched: The Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials (Central),MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, PsycINFO, and PUBMED. The summary of this report was evaluated by using the Preferred Reporting Itemsfor Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Checklist. Sixty-four journals on acupuncture, Western medicine drugs (antidepressant),and containing both in treating depression were identified and included in this review. In term of Western medicine, antidepressant may helpthe ego function in short term, and for long-term using, it may cause the patient to become addictive toward the drug. Acupuncture is relativelysafe to use and proven significantly effective to treat the depression and less side effect for long term used by the patient. Currentevidence from this summary literature review shows that acupuncture and Western medicine (antidepressant) drugs can treat depression. However, acupuncture therapies almost give none of side effect compared to antidepressant, and every patient with depression can try acupuncture notexcluding the pregnant woman.